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		<title>Galileo&#8217;s telescope reaches 400th anniversary</title>
		<link>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/08/25/galileos-telescope-reaches-400th-anniversary/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Aug 2009 12:17:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Young</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Galileo&#8217;s telescope reaches 400th anniversary It is 400 years since Galileo Galilei demonstrated his telescope, which would lead him to make new astronomical observations Galileo&#8217;s http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2009/8/25/1251157325377/Reconstruction-of-Galileo-001.jpgtelescope helped the astronomer to learn more about our solar system. This is a reconstruction of the telescope. Photograph: Jim Sugar/Corbis While many people have been loudly celebrating this year&#8217;s [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=luyouyou.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6662710&amp;post=64&amp;subd=luyouyou&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Galileo&#8217;s telescope reaches 400th anniversary<br />
It is 400 years since Galileo Galilei demonstrated his telescope, which would lead him to make new astronomical observations<br />
Galileo&#8217;s http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2009/8/25/1251157325377/Reconstruction-of-Galileo-001.jpgtelescope helped the astronomer to learn more about our solar system. This is a reconstruction of the telescope. Photograph: Jim Sugar/Corbis</p>
<p>While many people have been loudly celebrating this year&#8217;s double commemoration of 200 years since Charles Darwin&#8217;s birth and 150 years since the publication of On the Origin of Species, another scientific anniversary has crept up relatively quietly, marking an event which arguably changed human thought and the way we see ourselves even more irrevocably.</p>
<p>Exactly 400 years ago today, on 25 August 1609, the Italian astronomer and philosopher Galilei Galileo showed Venetian merchants his new creation, a telescope – the instrument that was to bring him both scientific immortality and, more immediately, a whole lot of trouble.</p>
<p>A refinement of models first devised in the Netherlands, Galileo&#8217;s slim, brown stick was puny even by the standards of something one might buy in a hobby shop today. But his eight-powered telescope, and the more powerful models he soon produced, when pointed skywards led Galileo to a series of groundbreaking conclusions.</p>
<p>The moon was not, as long believed, completely smooth. Another planet, Jupiter, also had moons. Meanwhile Venus showed a range of moon-like phases, something which could not happen if both it and the sun orbited the Earth.</p>
<p>This latter phenomenon had been predicted by Nicolaus Copernicus when, nearly a century before, he had proposed the notion of a planetary system with the sun at the centre, not the Earth.</p>
<p>Galileo&#8217;s discoveries were, perhaps predictably, not best welcomed by the Catholic church, and he spent the final decade of his life under house arrest.</p>
<p>It was certainly a revelation which upset the orthodoxies – and the churches – at least as much as Darwin&#8217;s, and perhaps merits a bit more of a fuss, although museum-goers in Philadelphia and Stockholm can view one of Galileo&#8217;s very early telescopes, on loan this year from Florence. A good deal more people are likely to be alerted thanks to Google&#8217;s day-long adaptation of their main page logo to a Google Doodle in honour of the event.</p>
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		<title>It turns out to be</title>
		<link>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/06/03/it-turns-out-to-be/</link>
		<comments>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/06/03/it-turns-out-to-be/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2009 17:04:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Young</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[普通句　It turns out to be the last chance.结果那是最后一次机会。 次级高手句It turns out to be the last chance for me.结果那对我来说是最后一次机会。 高手句It turns out to be the last chance for me to sit by him.结果那是我最后一次坐在他身边。 超级高手句It turns out to be the last chance for me to sit by him listening to him.结果那是我最后一次坐在他身边，听他说话。 专家句It turns out to be the [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=luyouyou.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6662710&amp;post=62&amp;subd=luyouyou&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>普通句　<br /></strong>It turns out to be the last chance.<br />结果那是最后一次机会。</p>
<p><strong>次级高手句<br /></strong>It turns out to be the last chance for me.<br />结果那对我来说是最后一次机会。</p>
<p><strong>高手句<br /></strong>It turns out to be the last chance for me to sit by him.<br />结果那是我最后一次坐在他身边。</p>
<p><strong>超级高手句<br /></strong>It turns out to be the last chance for me to sit by him listening to him.<br />结果那是我最后一次坐在他身边，听他说话。</p>
<p><strong>专家句<br /></strong>It turns out to be the last chance for me to sit by him listening to him that day.<br />结果那天是我最后一次坐在他身边，听他说话。</p>
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		<title>The House I returned to 1945</title>
		<link>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/06/03/the-house-i-returned-to-1945/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2009 02:00:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Young</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[The House I returned to 1945 caveman1944&#8216;s memory of 01/01/1938 &#8211; 31/12/1952 We moved into this house in 1938. In fact, mother took the one next door and for whatever reason, decided to swap. I don&#8217;t know the date of construction, but likely to be at the turn of the century. When built, an area [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=luyouyou.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6662710&amp;post=60&amp;subd=luyouyou&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>The House I returned to 1945</h2>
<h3><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/memoryshare/U10867101">caveman1944</a>&#8216;s memory of <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/memoryshare/ArticleSearch?contenttype=-1&amp;phrase=_memory&amp;show=10&amp;startdate=01/01/1938&amp;datesearchtype=2&amp;s_dateview=day">01/01/1938</a> &#8211; <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/memoryshare/ArticleSearch?contenttype=-1&amp;phrase=_memory&amp;show=10&amp;startdate=31/12/1952&amp;datesearchtype=2&amp;s_dateview=day">31/12/1952</a></h3>
<p>We moved into this house in 1938. In fact, mother took the one next door and for <b>whatever reason</b>, decided to swap. <br />     I don&#8217;t know <font color="#000000"><b>the date of construction</b></font>, but likely to be <b>at the turn of the century</b>. <br />
When built, an area of sandstone was removed and the brick foundation<br />
built. This created <b>a cellar</b> which housed the gas meter and the coal.<br />
There was no bathroom. Water filtered through the sandstone and on<br />
going into it, <b>the floor boards of the front parlour</b> were seen to<br />
glisten with beads of water. <br /> In the early postwar years, with<br />
only my mother in occupation there, I went in to check the property as<br />
she was away for two weeks, not being in good health and arthritic. The<br />
weather was cold and there was snow. <br /> Looking into the front room<br />
I found the cork linoleum floor covering was totally destroyed, being<br />
in waves so to speak; this was owing to it absorbing water which has<br />
frozen, the expansion breaking up the lino. <br /> I reported this to<br />
the local health poeple who sent an elderly inspector who stated he<br />
could find no damp. I tried again with the same result. <br /> Now bear<br />
in mind that this house was constructed in this fashion on being built.<br />
<b>In other words</b>, it was unfit for<b> </b>human habitation <b>from the word go</b>. <br />
A one off visit to the cellar of the house next door down during the<br />
bombing, revealed that the cellar there was &#8216;tanked&#8217;. <br /> That was<br />
what I returned to in October of 1945 when a couple of weeks earlier I<br />
had been in Rangoon, and with a history of years in the Far East. <br />      The bedroom above the<b> parlour</b> was<b> cold and damp </b>and I<b> occupied </b>this, <b>being in a double bed.</b> <br />
<b>After a night or two</b>, I was in a great sweat which saw me <b>strip off </b>my<br />
wet nightwear and compelled to move to the other side of the bed, it<br />
also being wet where I had lain. Days later, Malaria. I rose from my<br />
sickbed here in 1951 to marry. <br /> This house is still there and<br />
occupied, in a Tranmere which is<b> in the throes of demolition</b>; a<br />
Tranmere which has seen four generations of family <br /> pass by<b> beneath </b>the chimney of St Catherines Hospital. <br />      I can appeciate a cellar if it is dry and well constructed, and used as a workshop <br /> I had occupied one from birth in another road. It was not intended for  <br />
occupation though it had a fireplace and a kitchen attached, but this<br />
was a house which saw my family occupy cellar and <b>attics</b>, while cousins<br />
occupied a small living room and one bedroom, grandparents having the<br />
<b>two bay windowed rooms</b>. <br />    It has a partly submerged window and let water in from the small front garden. <br />     <b>By and large</b>, perhaps an end to them will be as well?</p>
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		<title>think it over</title>
		<link>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/05/30/think-it-over/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 30 May 2009 15:31:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Young</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Today we have higher buildings and wider highways,but shorter temperaments and narrower points of view;今天我们拥有了更高层的楼宇以及更宽阔的公路，但是我们的性情却更为急躁，眼光也更加狭隘； We spend more,but enjoy less;我们消耗的更多，享受到的却更少； We have bigger houses,but smaller famillies;我们的住房更大了，但我们的家庭却更小了； We have more compromises,but less time;我们妥协更多，时间更少； We have more knowledge,but less judgment;我们拥有了更多的知识，可判断力却更差了； We have more medicines,but less health;我们有了更多的药品，但健康状况却更不如意； We have multiplied out possessions,but reduced out values;我们拥有的财富倍增，但其价值却减少了； We talk much,we [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=luyouyou.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6662710&amp;post=58&amp;subd=luyouyou&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Today we have higher buildings and wider highways,but shorter temperaments and narrower points of view;<br />今天我们拥有了更高层的楼宇以及更宽阔的公路，但是我们的性情却更为急躁，眼光也更加狭隘；</p>
<p>We spend more,but enjoy less;<br />我们消耗的更多，享受到的却更少；</p>
<p>We have bigger houses,but smaller famillies;<br />我们的住房更大了，但我们的家庭却更小了；</p>
<p>We have more compromises,but less time;<br />我们妥协更多，时间更少；</p>
<p>We have more knowledge,but less judgment;<br />我们拥有了更多的知识，可判断力却更差了；</p>
<p>We have more medicines,but less health;<br />我们有了更多的药品，但健康状况却更不如意；</p>
<p>We have multiplied out possessions,but reduced out values;<br />我们拥有的财富倍增，但其价值却减少了；</p>
<p>We talk much,we love only a little,and we hate too much;<br />我们说的多了，爱的却少了，我们的仇恨也更多了；</p>
<p>We reached the Moon and came back,but we find it troublesome to cross our own street and meet our neighbors;<br />我们可以往返月球，但却难以迈出一步去亲近我们的左邻右舍；</p>
<p>We have conquered the uter space,but not our inner space;<br />我们可以征服外太空，却征服不了我们的内心；</p>
<p>We have highter income,but less morals;<br />我们的收入增加了，但我们的道德却少了；</p>
<p>These are times with more liberty,but less joy;<br />我们的时代更加自由了，但我们拥有的快乐时光却越来越少；</p>
<p>We have much more food,but less nutrition;<br />我们有了更多的食物，但所能得到的营养却越来越少了；</p>
<p>These are the days in which it takes two salaries for each home,but divorces increase;<br />现在每个家庭都可以有双份收入，但离婚的现象越来越多了；</p>
<p>These are times of finer houses,but more broken homes;<br />现在的住房越来越精致，但我们也有了更多破碎的家庭；</p>
<p>That&#8217;s why I propose,that as of today;<br />这就是我为什么要说，让我们从今天开始；</p>
<p>You do not keep anything for a special occasion.because every day that you live is a SPECIAL OCCASION.<br />不要将你的东西为了某一个特别的时刻而预留着，因为你生活的每一天都是那么特别；</p>
<p>Search for knowledge,read more ,sit on your porch and admire the view without paying attention to your needs;<br />寻找更我的知识，多读一些书，坐在你家的前廊里，以赞美的眼光去享受眼前的风景，不要带上任何功利的想法；</p>
<p>Spend more time with your family and friends,eat your favorite foods,visit the places you love;<br />花多点时间和朋友与家人在一起，吃你爱吃的食物，去你想去的地方；</p>
<p>Life is a chain of moments of enjoyment;not only about survival;<br />生活是一串串的快乐时光；我们不仅仅是为了生存而生存；</p>
<p>Use your crystal goblets.Do not save your best perfume,and use it every time you feel you want it.<br />举起你的水晶酒杯吧。不要吝啬洒上你最好的香水，你想用的时候就享用吧！</p>
<p>Remove from your vocabulary phrases like&#8221;one of these days&#8221;or &#8220;someday&#8221;;<br />从你的词汇库中移去所谓的“有那么一天”或者“某一天”；</p>
<p>Let&#8217;s write that letter we thought of writing &#8220;one of these days&#8221;!<br />曾打算“有那么一天”去写的信，就在今天吧！</p>
<p>Let&#8217;s tell our families and friends how much we love them;<br />告诉家人和朋友，我们是多么地爱他们；</p>
<p>Do not delay anything that adds laughter and joy to your life;<br />不要延迟任何可以给你的生活带来欢笑与快乐的事情；</p>
<p>Every day,every hour,and every minute is special;<br />每一天、每一小时、每一分钟都是那么特别；</p>
<p>And you don&#8217;t know if it will be your last.<br />你无从知道这是否最后刻。</p>
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		<link>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/05/23/56/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 23 May 2009 06:42:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Young</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Photograph]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Scottish writer best known for his creation of the detective Sherlock Holmes—one of the most vivid and enduring characters in English fiction. Conan Doyle , the second of Charles Altamont and Mary Foley Doyle’s 10 children, began seven years of Jesuit education in Lancashire, England, in 1868. After an additional year of schooling in Feldkirch, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=luyouyou.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6662710&amp;post=56&amp;subd=luyouyou&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class="owner">Scottish writer best known for his creation of the detective <a name="ref371" id="ref371" class="bps-ref-anchor"><span style="display:none;"></span></a><a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269523/Sherlock-Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes"><span>Sherlock Holmes</span></a>—one of the <b>most vivid</b> and <b>enduring</b> <b>characters</b> in English fiction.</p>
<p></span><span class="owner"><a id="KonaLink0" target="undefined" class="kLink" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/170563/Sir-Arthur-Conan-Doyle#"><font color="#009900"><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom:1px solid rgb(0,153,0);color:rgb(0,153,0)!important;font-family:Arial,&quot;font-weight:400;font-size:10.8333px;position:static;background-color:transparent;">Conan </span><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom:1px solid rgb(0,153,0);color:rgb(0,153,0)!important;font-family:Arial,&quot;font-weight:400;font-size:10.8333px;position:static;background-color:transparent;">Doyle</span></font><span style="position:relative;">
<div style="position:absolute;z-index:4000;top:-32px;left:-18px;display:none;" id="preLoadLayer0"><img style="border:0 none;" src="http://kona.kontera.com/javascript/lib/imgs/grey_loader.gif" /></div>
<p></span></a>,<br />
the second of Charles Altamont and Mary Foley Doyle’s 10 children,<br />
began seven years of Jesuit education in Lancashire, England, in 1868.<br />
After an additional year of schooling in Feldkirch, Austria, Conan<br />
Doyle returned to Edinburgh. Through <b>the influence of </b>Dr. Bryan Charles<br />
Waller, his mother’s lodger, he prepared for entry into the University<br />
of Edinburgh’s Medical School. He <b>received </b>his Bachelor of Medicine and<br />
Master of Surgery qualifications <b>from</b> Edinburgh in 1881 and an M.D. in<br />
1885, upon completing his thesis, “An Essay upon the Vasomotor Changes<br />
in <em>Tabes Dorsalis</em>.”</span></p>
<p><span class="owner">While a medical student,<br />
Conan Doyle was <b>deeply impressed by </b>the skill of his professor, Dr.<br />
Joseph Bell, in <b>observing </b>the most minute detail regarding a patient’s<br />
condition. This master of diagnostic deduction became the model for<br />
Conan Doyle’s <a id="KonaLink1" target="undefined" class="kLink" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/170563/Sir-Arthur-Conan-Doyle#"><font color="#009900"><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom:1px solid rgb(0,153,0);color:rgb(0,153,0)!important;font-family:Arial,&quot;font-weight:400;font-size:10.8333px;position:static;background-color:transparent;">literary</span></font><span style="position:relative;">
<div style="position:absolute;z-index:4000;top:-32px;left:-18px;display:none;" id="preLoadLayer1"><img style="border:0 none;" src="http://kona.kontera.com/javascript/lib/imgs/grey_loader.gif" /></div>
<p></span></a> creation, Sherlock Holmes, who first appeared in <q>A Study in Scarlet</q> in <em>Beeton’s Christmas Annual</em> of 1887. Other aspects of Conan Doyle’s <a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/372218/medical-education" title="medical education"><span>medical education</span></a> and experiences appear in his semiautobiographical novels, <em>The Firm of Girdlestone</em> (1890) and <em>The Stark Munro Letters</em> (1895), and in the collection of medical <a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541698/short-story" title="short stories"><span>short stories</span></a> <em>Round the Red Lamp</em><br />
(1894). His creation of the logical, cold, calculating Holmes, the<br />
“world’s first and only consulting detective,” sharply contrasted with<br />
the paranormal beliefs Conan Doyle addressed in a short novel of this<br />
period, <em>The Mystery of Cloomber</em> (1889). Conan Doyle’s early<br />
interest in both scientifically supportable evidence and certain<br />
paranormal phenomena exemplified the complex diametrically opposing<br />
beliefs he struggled with throughout his life.</span></p>
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		<title>Major Gods &amp; Goddesses of the Classical World</title>
		<link>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/04/17/major-gods-goddesses-of-the-classical-world/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2009 14:04:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Young</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Greek &#160; Roman &#160; Relations &#160; Sphere or Position &#160; Aphrodite &#160; Venus &#160; Daughter of Zeus &#38; Dione &#160; Love &#160; Apollo &#160; —— &#160; Son of Zeus &#38; Leto &#160; Healing, poetry, light &#160; Ares &#160; Mars &#160; Son of Zeus &#38; Hera &#160; War &#160; Artemis &#160; Diana &#160; Daughter of Zeus [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=luyouyou.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6662710&amp;post=53&amp;subd=luyouyou&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">
<p>Greek</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">
<p>Roman</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">
<p>Relations</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">
<p>Sphere or Position</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Aphrodite  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Venus  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Daughter of Zeus &amp; Dione   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Love</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Apollo  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>——  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Son of Zeus &amp; Leto   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Healing, poetry, light</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Ares   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Mars   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Son of Zeus &amp; Hera   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>War</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Artemis  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Diana  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Daughter of Zeus &amp; Leto   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Hunting, chastity</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Athena  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Minerva  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Daughter of Zeus &amp; Metis   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Wisdom, crafts, war</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Cronus  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Saturn  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Father of Zeus   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Titans&#8217; ruler</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Demeter  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Ceres  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Sister of Zeus   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Agriculture, fertility</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Dionysus  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Bacchus  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Son of Zeus &amp; Semele   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Wine, fertility, ecstasy</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Eros   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Cupid  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Son of Ares &amp; Aphrodite   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Love</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Hades  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Pluto  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Brother of Zeus   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>The underworld, death</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Hephaestus</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Vulcan  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Son of Zeus &amp; Hera   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Fire</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Hera   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Juno   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Wife &amp; sister of Zeus   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Earth</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Hermes  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Mercury  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Son of Zeus &amp; Maia   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Travel, commerce, gods&#8217; messenger</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Hestia  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Vesta  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Sister of Zeus   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>The hearth</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Pan   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>——  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Son of Hermes &amp; a wood nymph</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Forests, flocks, shepherds</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Persephone  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Proserpina</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Daughter of Zeus &amp; Demeter   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Grain</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Poseidon  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Neptune  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Brother of Zeus   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>The sea</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Rhea   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Ops   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Mother of Zeus   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>The earth</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Uranus  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Uranus  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Father of Titans (elder gods)   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>The heavens</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Zeus   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Jupiter  </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Son of Cronus &amp; Rhea   </p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">
<p>Ruler of the gods</p>
<p>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		<title>Utopia</title>
		<link>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/04/14/utopia/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2009 10:15:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Young</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Utopia is a name for an ideal community or society, taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean, possessing a seemingly perfect socio-politico-legal system. The term has been used to describe both intentional communities that attempted to create an ideal society, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=luyouyou.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6662710&amp;post=51&amp;subd=luyouyou&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><b>Utopia</b> is a name for an ideal community or society, taken from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_%28book%29" title="Utopia (book)">title of a book</a> written in 1516 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More" title="Sir Thomas More" class="mw-redirect">Sir Thomas More</a> describing a fictional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> in the Atlantic Ocean, possessing a seemingly perfect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system" class="mw-redirect">socio</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politico</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system" class="mw-redirect">legal system</a>. The term has been used to describe both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentional communities</a> that attempted to create an ideal society, and fictional societies portrayed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">literature</a>. &#8220;Utopia&#8221; is sometimes used pejoratively, in reference to an unrealistic ideal that is impossible to achieve, and has spawned other concepts, most prominently <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopia</a>.</p>
<p>The word comes from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: οὐ, &#8220;not&#8221;, and τόπος, &#8220;place&#8221;, indicating that More was utilizing the concept as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> and did not consider such an ideal place to be realistically possible. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a> <i>Eutopia</i>, derived from the Greek εὖ, &#8220;good&#8221; or &#8220;well&#8221;, and τόπος, &#8220;place&#8221;, signifies a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_meaning" title="Double meaning" class="mw-redirect">double meaning</a> that was almost certainly intended. Despite this, most modern usage of the term &#8220;Utopia&#8221; assumes the latter meaning, that of a place of perfection rather than nonexistence.</p>
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		<title>Ten Commandments</title>
		<link>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/04/14/ten-commandments/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2009 10:14:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Young</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that, according to Judeo-Christian tradition, were authored by God and given to Moses on the mountain referred to as &#8220;Mount Sinai&#8221; (Exodus 19:23) or &#8220;Horeb&#8221; (Deuteronomy 5:2) in the form of two stone tablets. They feature prominently in Judaism and Christianity. In [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=luyouyou.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6662710&amp;post=49&amp;subd=luyouyou&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The <b>Ten Commandments</b>, or <b>Decalogue</b>, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that, according to Judeo-Christian tradition, were authored by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and given to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> on the mountain referred to as &#8220;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>&#8221; (<a href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Exodus&amp;verse=19:23&amp;src=HE" class="external text" title="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Exodus&amp;verse=19:23&amp;src=HE" rel="nofollow">Exodus 19:23</a>) or &#8220;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Horeb</a>&#8221; (<a href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Deuteronomy&amp;verse=5:2&amp;src=HE" class="external text" title="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Deuteronomy&amp;verse=5:2&amp;src=HE" rel="nofollow">Deuteronomy 5:2</a>) in the form of two stone tablets. They feature prominently in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.</p>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" title="Biblical Hebrew language" class="mw-redirect">Biblical Hebrew</a>, the commandments are called עשרת הדברים (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">translit.</a> Aseret ha-Dvarîm) and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew_language" title="Mishnaic Hebrew language" class="mw-redirect">Rabbinical Hebrew</a> עשרת הדברות (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">translit.</a> Aseret ha-Dibrot), both translatable as &#8220;the ten terms.&#8221; The English name &#8220;Decalogue&#8221; is derived from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> translation δεκάλογος <i>dekalogos</i> &#8220;ten terms&#8221;, found in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> at <a href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Exodus&amp;verse=34:28&amp;src=%21" class="external text" title="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Exodus&amp;verse=34:28&amp;src=!" rel="nofollow">Exodus 34:28</a> and <a href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Deuteronomy&amp;verse=10:4&amp;src=%21" class="external text" title="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Deuteronomy&amp;verse=10:4&amp;src=!" rel="nofollow">Deuteronomy 10:4</a>.</p>
<p>The phrase &#8220;Ten Commandments&#8221; is generally used to refer to similar passages in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus" class="mw-redirect">Exodus</a> <a href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=Exodus%20&amp;verse=20:2%E2%80%9317&amp;src=HE" class="external text" title="http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=Exodus%20&amp;verse=20:2–17&amp;src=HE" rel="nofollow">20:2–17</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect">Deuteronomy</a> <a href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=Deuteronomy%20&amp;verse=5:6%E2%80%9321&amp;src=HE" class="external text" title="http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=Deuteronomy%20&amp;verse=5:6–21&amp;src=HE" rel="nofollow">5:6–21</a>. Some scholars distinguish between this &#8220;Ethical Decalogue&#8221; and a different series of ten commandments in <a href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Exodus&amp;verse=34:11%E2%80%9327&amp;src=HE" class="external text" title="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Exodus&amp;verse=34:11–27&amp;src=HE" rel="nofollow">Exodus 34:11–27</a> that they call the &#8220;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_Decalogue" title="Ritual Decalogue">Ritual Decalogue</a>&#8220;. Although Exodus 34 contains ten imperative statements, the passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain fourteen or fifteen. However, the Bible assigns the count of ten to both lists.<sup class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_Decalogue#cite_note-10InBible-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Various denominations divide these statements into ten in different ways, and may also translate the Commandments differently.</p>
<p></p>
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		<title>Cleisthenes</title>
		<link>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/04/14/cleisthenes/</link>
		<comments>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/04/14/cleisthenes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2009 09:36:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Young</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Cleisthenes (Greek: Κλεισθένης, also Clisthenes or Kleisthenes) was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC or 507 BC.[1] For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as &#8220;the father of Athenian democracy.&#8221;[2] He was the maternal [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=luyouyou.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6662710&amp;post=47&amp;subd=luyouyou&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><b>Cleisthenes</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κλεισθένης</span>, also <b>Clisthenes</b> or <b>Kleisthenes</b>) was a noble <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcmaeonidae" title="Alcmaeonidae">Alcmaeonid</a> family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and setting it on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">democratic</a> footing in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/508_BC" title="508 BC" class="mw-redirect">508 BC</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/507_BC" title="507 BC" class="mw-redirect">507 BC</a>.<sup class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleisthenes#cite_note-bbc-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as &#8220;the father of Athenian democracy.&#8221;<sup class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleisthenes#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> He was the maternal grandson of the tyrant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleisthenes_of_Sicyon" title="Cleisthenes of Sicyon">Cleisthenes of Sicyon</a>, as the younger son of the latter&#8217;s daughter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agariste_of_Sicyon" title="Agariste of Sicyon">Agariste</a> and her husband <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacles" title="Megacles">Megacles</a>.</p>
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		<title>李零：读《动物农庄》——什么叫极权主义？</title>
		<link>http://luyouyou.wordpress.com/2009/04/08/%e6%9d%8e%e9%9b%b6%ef%bc%9a%e8%af%bb%e3%80%8a%e5%8a%a8%e7%89%a9%e5%86%9c%e5%ba%84%e3%80%8b%e2%80%94%e2%80%94%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e5%8f%ab%e6%9e%81%e6%9d%83%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%ef%bc%9f/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Apr 2009 17:24:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Young</dc:creator>
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		<category><![CDATA[chinese]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[我们都是靠抢劫亚洲苦力才得以生存的，我们中间那些&#8221;开明的&#8221;人都认为这些苦力应该得到解放，但是我们的生活水准，因之也是我们的&#8221;开明&#8221;，却要求这种抢劫继续下去。 　　（奥威尔：《鲁德亚德·吉卜林》） 　　冷战时期，曾让太多人感到绝望，特别是夹处于美、苏之间的欧洲人。比如英国的&#8221;愤青&#8221;（愤怒的青年）愤什么？就是二次大战的&#8221;英雄&#8221;还霸占着这个世界（奥斯本：《愤怒的回顾》）。 　　现在，老一代的&#8221;英雄&#8221;差不多都已离去。他们留下的遗产是什么？一是战争，二是革命。它们的变奏，构成了《动物农场》的主题。 　　一、必也正名乎？ 　　奥威尔的书，《动物农场》和《一九八四》，共同主题是批判极权主义。什么叫极权主义？我们可以讨论一下。 　　在西方的政治词汇中，有两组词，黑白分明，最能体现西方的价值观： 　　（一）好词 　　一）freedom（自由），和下面的词是同义词。只不过，liberty是借自法语，freedom才是英语本身的说法。 　 　二）liberty（自由），有&#8221;解放&#8221;之义，我们常说的&#8221;解放&#8221;，其实就是&#8221;自由&#8221;。美国的&#8221;自由女神&#8221;是&#8221;解放女神&#8221;。法国大革命的口号，&#8221;自由、 平等、博爱&#8221;，其中的&#8221;自由&#8221;（liberté）就是相当这个词。一般说，摆脱奴役才有自由，自由是解放的结果，但英美革命的继承人却喜欢说，解放是自由 的结果——守法即自由，没有规矩的自由是不自由。 　　三）equality（平等），主要指&#8221;法律面前人人平等&#8221;。法国大革命的口号，其中的&#8221;平等&#8221;（egalité）就是相当这个词。《礼记·礼运》的&#8221;大同&#8221;、《墨子·尚同》的&#8221;同&#8221;，庶几近之。 　　四）fraternity（博爱），意思是手足之情、兄弟之情。法国大革命的口号，其中的&#8221;博爱&#8221;（fraternité）就是相当这个词。孔子弟子子夏说，&#8221;四海之内，皆兄弟也&#8221;（《论语·颜渊》），庶几近之。 　 　五）democracy（民主），是希腊老词，本义是人民统治。欧洲政体，古典时代是分为三类六种：君主制（monarchy）和僭主制 （tyranny）是一人统治，贵族制（aristocracy）和寡头制（oligarchy）是少数统治，共和制（republic）和民主制 （democracy）是多数统治。亚里士多德说，这三组词，都是前边好，后边坏：君主制最好，贵族制其次、共和制又其次；民主制是暴民政治，寡头制和僭 主制是暴君政治，都不好。可是现代政体，流行的却是民主制。即使君主立宪，也是虚君共和，有没有君主无所谓，关键是不能没有议会。 　　（二）坏词 　 　一） autocracy（独裁），是从autocrat来的。autocrat是独裁者（auto是自己，crat是统治）。我国帝王，称孤道寡，唯我独尊， 西周时期，叫&#8221;余一人&#8221;，最像这个词。这种一人说了算的统治者，在我国，那是司空见惯，并不都叫暴君。中国的暴君，那得&#8221;独&#8221;到一意孤行、谁劝都不听、随 便杀人、近乎虐待狂的分儿上。如武王伐纣，把纣叫&#8221;独夫&#8221;，就是这种暴君。 　　二）dictatorship（独裁），来源于 dictator。dictator，本来是罗马共和国的民选执政官，通常有两名，罗马帝国的皇帝就是从大权独揽的执政官发展而来，后来引申为&#8221;独裁 者&#8221;。卓别林的《大独裁者》（TheGreat Dictator），就是用这个词指希特勒。过去，我们常说的&#8221;无产阶级专政&#8221;，就是&#8221;无产阶级独裁&#8221;。马、恩和列宁认为，革命胜利后，无产阶级为了镇压 敌对势力的反抗和防止资本主义复辟，必须如此。专政是过渡手段，下一段才是社会主义。 　　三）despotism（专制主 义），despot是暴君。暴君哪儿都有，没什么新鲜。比如希腊的僭主，还有某些罗马皇帝（卡利古拉和尼禄），就是西人常说的暴君。他们的传统是小国传 统，对暴君很敏感。我国，秦以后的皇帝，以武力取天下，没有贵族出身，有点像僭主。春秋的赵简子和陈成子，汉魏的王莽和曹操，权力很大，也像僭主，但我们 不叫暴君，只叫&#8221;乱臣贼子&#8221;或&#8221;乱世奸雄&#8221;。 　　四）absolutism（绝对主义，或绝对君主制），学者多把这个词翻成&#8221;专制主 义&#8221;，如中文版的《不列颠百科全书》就这么翻。我国常说的&#8221;专制主义&#8221;，是个没有历史概念的混沌。其实，absolutism这个词，和 despotism还不完全一样，它是专指资本主义前夜，高度集权的君主制。这种君主制，是和等级君主制相对，是和权力分散的封建制相对。它在欧洲，兴起 和衰亡，时间不一样，主要在十六至十九世纪这一段（俄国拖到一九一七年）。如法国的路易十四、普鲁士的弗里德里希二世、俄国的彼得大帝，都属于这类君主。 欧洲各国，绝对主义越发达，革命越激烈，法国和俄国就是如此。 　　absolute的意思是绝对的。法王路易十四说&#8221;朕即国家&#8221;，就是这种绝对主义。最近，刘北成、龚晓庄翻译了佩里·安德森的《绝对主义国家的谱系》（上海人民出版社二○○一年版），就是介绍这类国家。 　 　五）totalitarianism（极权主义），是二十世纪才创造的新词。极权概念的发明者是意大利哲学家秦梯利（GiovanniGentile， 或译金梯利，一九四四年被意大利共产党杀掉）。上世纪二十年代，极权的概念经墨索里尼宣传，广为人知。这个词是法西斯主义的代名词。 　　 total的意思是全面的或总体的。它强调的是党国至上、集体主义、绝对服从和军事化。totalitarian是全面控制社会的大独裁者。它的特点是全 面控制：全面控制社会，全面控制个人，比传统的专制主义和绝对主义更加专制，董乐山主张译为&#8221;全面权力主义&#8221;。汉娜·阿伦特有《极权主义的起源》（一九五 一），三联书店已经出了译本。 　　二、层层剥笋 　　上面的好词，全是文艺复兴、启蒙运动和欧洲革命的遗产；坏词，除极权主义晚出，全是前资本主义概念。它们彼此相反，有如尧、舜与桀、纣。 　　什么是民主？民主是小国传统。世界各大文明，早期都有这一段。 　　西方人讲民主，老爱搬希腊城邦。其实，希腊的民主自由是建立在侵略和奴役之上。 　 　希腊依山傍海，利于海外贸易，利于海外扩张，玉帛女子，可从外边抢，像骑马民族一样。他们的城邦全是小国，去古未远，古风犹存，还保留民主制。但即使希 腊，也有六种政体，不光民主制。古希腊，一堆小国，松散联合，居然打败比他们强大的波斯帝国，很让欧洲人自豪。亚历山大征波斯，横跨欧亚，建立庞大帝国， [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=luyouyou.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6662710&amp;post=45&amp;subd=luyouyou&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>我们都是靠抢劫亚洲苦力才得以生存的，我们中间那些&#8221;开明的&#8221;人都认为这些苦力应该得到解放，但是我们的生活水准，因之也是我们的&#8221;开明&#8221;，却要求这种抢劫继续下去。</p>
<p>　　（奥威尔：《鲁德亚德·吉卜林》）</p>
<p>　　冷战时期，曾让太多人感到绝望，特别是夹处于美、苏之间的欧洲人。比如英国的&#8221;愤青&#8221;（愤怒的青年）愤什么？就是二次大战的&#8221;英雄&#8221;还霸占着这个世界（奥斯本：《愤怒的回顾》）。</p>
<p>　　现在，老一代的&#8221;英雄&#8221;差不多都已离去。他们留下的遗产是什么？一是战争，二是革命。它们的变奏，构成了《动物农场》的主题。</p>
<p>　　一、必也正名乎？</p>
<p>　　奥威尔的书，《动物农场》和《一九八四》，共同主题是批判极权主义。什么叫极权主义？我们可以讨论一下。</p>
<p>　　在西方的政治词汇中，有两组词，黑白分明，最能体现西方的价值观：</p>
<p>　　（一）好词</p>
<p>　　一）freedom（自由），和下面的词是同义词。只不过，liberty是借自法语，freedom才是英语本身的说法。</p>
<p>　 　二）liberty（自由），有&#8221;解放&#8221;之义，我们常说的&#8221;解放&#8221;，其实就是&#8221;自由&#8221;。美国的&#8221;自由女神&#8221;是&#8221;解放女神&#8221;。法国大革命的口号，&#8221;自由、 平等、博爱&#8221;，其中的&#8221;自由&#8221;（liberté）就是相当这个词。一般说，摆脱奴役才有自由，自由是解放的结果，但英美革命的继承人却喜欢说，解放是自由 的结果——守法即自由，没有规矩的自由是不自由。</p>
<p>　　三）equality（平等），主要指&#8221;法律面前人人平等&#8221;。法国大革命的口号，其中的&#8221;平等&#8221;（egalité）就是相当这个词。《礼记·礼运》的&#8221;大同&#8221;、《墨子·尚同》的&#8221;同&#8221;，庶几近之。</p>
<p>　　四）fraternity（博爱），意思是手足之情、兄弟之情。法国大革命的口号，其中的&#8221;博爱&#8221;（fraternité）就是相当这个词。孔子弟子子夏说，&#8221;四海之内，皆兄弟也&#8221;（《论语·颜渊》），庶几近之。</p>
<p>　 　五）democracy（民主），是希腊老词，本义是人民统治。欧洲政体，古典时代是分为三类六种：君主制（monarchy）和僭主制 （tyranny）是一人统治，贵族制（aristocracy）和寡头制（oligarchy）是少数统治，共和制（republic）和民主制 （democracy）是多数统治。亚里士多德说，这三组词，都是前边好，后边坏：君主制最好，贵族制其次、共和制又其次；民主制是暴民政治，寡头制和僭 主制是暴君政治，都不好。可是现代政体，流行的却是民主制。即使君主立宪，也是虚君共和，有没有君主无所谓，关键是不能没有议会。</p>
<p>　　（二）坏词</p>
<p>　 　一） autocracy（独裁），是从autocrat来的。autocrat是独裁者（auto是自己，crat是统治）。我国帝王，称孤道寡，唯我独尊， 西周时期，叫&#8221;余一人&#8221;，最像这个词。这种一人说了算的统治者，在我国，那是司空见惯，并不都叫暴君。中国的暴君，那得&#8221;独&#8221;到一意孤行、谁劝都不听、随 便杀人、近乎虐待狂的分儿上。如武王伐纣，把纣叫&#8221;独夫&#8221;，就是这种暴君。</p>
<p>　　二）dictatorship（独裁），来源于 dictator。dictator，本来是罗马共和国的民选执政官，通常有两名，罗马帝国的皇帝就是从大权独揽的执政官发展而来，后来引申为&#8221;独裁 者&#8221;。卓别林的《大独裁者》（TheGreat Dictator），就是用这个词指希特勒。过去，我们常说的&#8221;无产阶级专政&#8221;，就是&#8221;无产阶级独裁&#8221;。马、恩和列宁认为，革命胜利后，无产阶级为了镇压 敌对势力的反抗和防止资本主义复辟，必须如此。专政是过渡手段，下一段才是社会主义。</p>
<p>　　三）despotism（专制主 义），despot是暴君。暴君哪儿都有，没什么新鲜。比如希腊的僭主，还有某些罗马皇帝（卡利古拉和尼禄），就是西人常说的暴君。他们的传统是小国传 统，对暴君很敏感。我国，秦以后的皇帝，以武力取天下，没有贵族出身，有点像僭主。春秋的赵简子和陈成子，汉魏的王莽和曹操，权力很大，也像僭主，但我们 不叫暴君，只叫&#8221;乱臣贼子&#8221;或&#8221;乱世奸雄&#8221;。</p>
<p>　　四）absolutism（绝对主义，或绝对君主制），学者多把这个词翻成&#8221;专制主 义&#8221;，如中文版的《不列颠百科全书》就这么翻。我国常说的&#8221;专制主义&#8221;，是个没有历史概念的混沌。其实，absolutism这个词，和 despotism还不完全一样，它是专指资本主义前夜，高度集权的君主制。这种君主制，是和等级君主制相对，是和权力分散的封建制相对。它在欧洲，兴起 和衰亡，时间不一样，主要在十六至十九世纪这一段（俄国拖到一九一七年）。如法国的路易十四、普鲁士的弗里德里希二世、俄国的彼得大帝，都属于这类君主。 欧洲各国，绝对主义越发达，革命越激烈，法国和俄国就是如此。</p>
<p>　　absolute的意思是绝对的。法王路易十四说&#8221;朕即国家&#8221;，就是这种绝对主义。最近，刘北成、龚晓庄翻译了佩里·安德森的《绝对主义国家的谱系》（上海人民出版社二○○一年版），就是介绍这类国家。</p>
<p>　 　五）totalitarianism（极权主义），是二十世纪才创造的新词。极权概念的发明者是意大利哲学家秦梯利（GiovanniGentile， 或译金梯利，一九四四年被意大利共产党杀掉）。上世纪二十年代，极权的概念经墨索里尼宣传，广为人知。这个词是法西斯主义的代名词。</p>
<p>　　 total的意思是全面的或总体的。它强调的是党国至上、集体主义、绝对服从和军事化。totalitarian是全面控制社会的大独裁者。它的特点是全 面控制：全面控制社会，全面控制个人，比传统的专制主义和绝对主义更加专制，董乐山主张译为&#8221;全面权力主义&#8221;。汉娜·阿伦特有《极权主义的起源》（一九五 一），三联书店已经出了译本。</p>
<p>　　二、层层剥笋</p>
<p>　　上面的好词，全是文艺复兴、启蒙运动和欧洲革命的遗产；坏词，除极权主义晚出，全是前资本主义概念。它们彼此相反，有如尧、舜与桀、纣。</p>
<p>　　什么是民主？民主是小国传统。世界各大文明，早期都有这一段。</p>
<p>　　西方人讲民主，老爱搬希腊城邦。其实，希腊的民主自由是建立在侵略和奴役之上。</p>
<p>　 　希腊依山傍海，利于海外贸易，利于海外扩张，玉帛女子，可从外边抢，像骑马民族一样。他们的城邦全是小国，去古未远，古风犹存，还保留民主制。但即使希 腊，也有六种政体，不光民主制。古希腊，一堆小国，松散联合，居然打败比他们强大的波斯帝国，很让欧洲人自豪。亚历山大征波斯，横跨欧亚，建立庞大帝国， 犹&#8221;小邦周克大邑商&#8221;，是希腊的顶峰，西人特爱吹，叫&#8221;希腊化时期&#8221;。但他一死，土崩瓦解。</p>
<p>　　同样，罗马早期也有民主制。他们摆脱共和，走向帝国，也是顺理成章。罗马帝国，后来居上，更庞大，更发达，但即使走向帝国，也还保留城市自治，国家依然很松散，难以控制各地的反叛和阻挡北方蛮族的入侵。</p>
<p>　 　中世纪南下的蛮族，类似我国的匈奴、鲜卑，本来也很民主。他们的入侵，也是&#8221;小邦周克大邑商&#8221;。庞大的罗马帝国，让他们一冲，也土崩瓦解。他们的占领， 不像我们的西周封建，是归同一个王来领导，更像五胡十六国。今天的欧洲，小国林立，书不同文，车不同轨，就是承受这份遗产。</p>
<p>　　欧洲，大地域国家不发达，小国寡民的记忆特别深。即便现代大国，也多半是靠海外殖民复制的联合体，很像城邦自治的古典时代。文艺复兴，他们是&#8221;爸爸不亲爷爷亲&#8221;，宁肯认同希腊、罗马，好像特民主。但他们也热衷过专制，不止一次。</p>
<p>　　欧洲走出中世纪，一度提倡专制：抬君权，压教权，抬专制，压封建。十八世纪，他们还羡慕过我们的专制。</p>
<p>　　当然，这种专制，早已不是什么传统意义上的专制，而是上面说的绝对主义。好听的说法是&#8221;开明专制&#8221;。绝对君主制取代等级君主制，权力太大，威胁市民社会，引起反弹，才有后来的革命，申民权，抑君权，再掉过头来反专制。</p>
<p>　　他们是反封建在前，反专制在后，专制是封建的对立面。</p>
<p>　 　欧洲的君主制，上有教权（宗教大一统），下有封建（国家多元化），王是小王，帝非常制。他们的帝，源出罗马，拉丁系的国家叫皇帝（imperator， 原义是得胜的将军），日耳曼和斯拉夫系的国家叫恺撒（caesar）。查理曼帝国、神圣罗马帝国和沙俄帝国，是欧洲的三大帝国，帝号多出罗马，一般要由教 皇封。法西斯主义源出意大利和德国，这不是偶然。意大利的前身是古罗马，德国的前身是神圣罗马帝国。墨索里尼的&#8221;法西斯&#8221;（一种插着战斧的笞棒）是复罗马 之古，希特勒的&#8221;第三帝国&#8221;也是继承神圣罗马帝国。他们都是托梦于罗马。罗马是帝制的象征。</p>
<p>　　西方民主，是专制的对立面。但现代民主，中间隔着中世纪，并不来自希腊。它是欧洲革命的产物（西方有一种说法，民主国家之间不打仗，如果是这样，民主只有六十多岁了）。民主革命的理想是破旧立新，革命的结果是折中新旧。</p>
<p>　　革命，是个意向纷纭的怪物，民主也是如此。革命，既有王冠落地，也有王权复辟。民主，也是既有英国立宪传统和洛克的影响，也有法国启蒙运动和卢梭的影响。民权挑战君权和教权，结果往往是三权妥协。革命后的欧洲，不但教皇还在，九个国家还保留了王室。</p>
<p>　　极权主义不是欧洲历史上的专制主义，而是个非常现代的概念。</p>
<p>　　法西斯主义是一次大战和经济大萧条的产物。当时的欧洲，很不景气，到处弥漫着对民主和进步的绝望，权力意志的鼓吹甚嚣尘上。大家希望，强者出面，收拾乱局，哪怕权力大一点。极权主义是二十世纪的概念，不但和罗马无关，跟中世纪也没什么关系。</p>
<p>　 　极权主义是意大利法西斯的发明，纯属右翼概念，所有左翼都反对。但右翼骂左翼，也用这个词。社会主义好一点，至少可以和民主挂在一起，欧洲左翼政党，很 多都是讲社会民主的党，甚至还是执政党。共产主义就不行。他们说，苏联的社会主义和希特勒的国家社会主义一样，也是党国至上，暴君加暴民，这样的社会主义 是极权主义。</p>
<p>　　极权主义是典型的西方话语。帝国主义瓜分世界，大局已定，所有国家，站队画线，壁垒分明，维持的叫民主国家，反对的叫极权国家（现在指共产主义）或民族主义国家（现在多以恐怖主义称之）。绝大多数国家，欧美和日本以外的国家，都属于后两类。这种划分很霸道。</p>
<p>　　可惜的是，奥威尔无法区别于上述话语。对左翼来说，这是难逃的困境。</p>
<p>　 　奥威尔说，他天生憎恨权威，但权威反不掉（参看恩格斯：《论权威》）。暴君对他，是个挥之不去的噩梦。他的噩梦分两种，一种是法西斯主义，一种是斯大林 主义。他把两种都叫极权主义。我们只有理解当时的气氛，才能理解他的恐惧。当时的世界太野蛮——反对野蛮的，同样很野蛮。</p>
<p>　　社会主义苏 联和法西斯德国，一左一右，都挑战过世界格局。它们都是帝国主义战争的产物：一次大战，德国战败，备尝屈辱；俄国革命，强敌环伺，也被围困。它们有同样的 创伤，同样的困境。贫困和战争，扭曲了这两个国家，二者颇具对称性。可是，问题的根源在哪里？正在格局本身。</p>
<p>　　凡尔赛和约，埋下二次大战的种子；雅尔塔协议，也是冷战的根源。在这种格局下，苏联的一切都是围绕安全转，对内对外，造成种种问题，很多战略考虑，都被帝国主义化。这是革命的不幸。但只有站在格局的立场你才会说，它和法西斯德国是一家。</p>
<p>　　我们不要忘记，法西斯德国是最最反共的国家。他们和英、美的矛盾是由&#8221;瓜分&#8221;而引起，在&#8221;反共大业，同仇敌忾&#8221;上，他们和英、美是一家。</p>
<p>　　苏联的卫国战争，写进《动物农场》，叫&#8221;风车战役&#8221;。我们都还记得，皮尔京顿和弗里德利克是真正的一伙。当弗里德利克悍然攻打动物农场时，皮尔京顿说&#8221;活该&#8221;，他希望的是，弗里德利克替他消灭动物农场。</p>
<p>　　奥威尔绝不会同意，弗里德利克和动物农场是同一拨儿。这就像西班牙内战，他虽痛诋左翼，恨其自相残杀，但绝不会分不清左右翼。</p>
<p>　　他说，&#8221;这法西斯主义总得有人制止它&#8221;。为了抵抗德国，苏联人民付出了最大牺牲（不光死人，还有制度上的牺牲）。</p>
<p>　　我们不能把苏联红军和德国法西斯混为一谈，就像我们不能把八路军和日本鬼子混为一谈。</p>
<p>　　三、说&#8221;东方专制主义&#8221;</p>
<p>　　西方和东方的对立可以追溯到欧洲的古典时代。笼统的&#8221;东方&#8221;是由笼统的&#8221;西方&#8221;制造。&#8221;普世价值&#8221;是基督教话语。</p>
<p>　　早在古典时代，欧洲人就有一种说法，希腊人和罗马人是&#8221;文明人&#8221;，他们的北边，他们的东边，都是&#8221;野蛮人&#8221;。中世纪，北欧和南欧成为同一个基督教世界，但异教的东方还是属于&#8221;野蛮人&#8221;的世界。</p>
<p>　　古典作家说，西方特民主，东方特专制；欧洲人酷爱自由，亚洲人奴性十足。他们说的西方是希腊城邦，东方是波斯帝国。这是一种非常古老的偏见。</p>
<p>　 　最近，美国拍了&#8221;样板戏&#8221;，《亚历山大》、《三百壮士》，就是再现这种偏见。亚述、巴比伦（现在的伊拉克）是最伟大的文明。波斯（现在的伊朗）继承了这 两个文明，包括他们的地盘。它是一个文明程度很高、行政效率很高的大地域国家，所有考古发现和文献史料都证明，希腊比不了。古典作家嘲笑波斯，正如由余入 秦嘲笑秦，自豪的不过是戎狄的蛮风。</p>
<p>　　换位思考，亚历山大征波斯，其实也是蛮族入侵。欧洲历史，从西到东，从北到南，总是落后征服先进，后来的罗马，后来的日耳曼，都是如此。</p>
<p>　　古代东方有很多大国，没错。这些大国很专制，也没错。但很长时间里，欧洲历史学家对这些文明古国，少所见，多所怪，以为只有他们的小国寡民才叫文明，以为只有他们的松散联合才叫文明，这是颠倒黑白。</p>
<p>　　近代欧洲，他们的地理知识有长进，但文化偏见没有变。十八世纪和十九世纪，欧洲历史学家沿袭了古典时代的偏见。他们把西方炮舰所及的整个东方，从土耳其奥斯曼帝国到印度的莫卧儿帝国，从古老的波斯到古老的中国，全都装进同一概念。这一概念就是所谓&#8221;亚细亚生产方式&#8221;。</p>
<p>　　&#8221;亚细亚生产方式&#8221;是个十足的历史混沌，它是一堆既模糊又混乱的印象：土地国有制和村社组织，大河灌溉和水利社会，绝对专制和普遍奴隶制，没有法律，没有贵族，还有早熟、停滞等等。</p>
<p>　　黑格尔使用了这类概念。他把整个东方，叫做&#8221;暴政的舞台&#8221;。</p>
<p>　　受黑格尔影响，马克思也使用了这一概念，虽然他更关心的并不是&#8221;暴政&#8221;。</p>
<p>　　马克思的&#8221;亚细亚生产方式&#8221;，正式提出是在《经济学手稿》（一八五七——</p>
<p>　　一八五八）中。但这一概念，在他第一次讲唯物史观的《德意志意识形态》（一八四五——</p>
<p>　 　一八四六）中就已存在。对比二书，我们不难发现，他当年使用的&#8221;部落所有制&#8221;一词，就是相当这一概念。他把&#8221;部落所有制&#8221;（相当亚细亚）排在&#8221;古代公社 所有制和国家所有制&#8221;（相当希腊、罗马）、&#8221;封建的或等级的所有制&#8221;（相当日耳曼）之前。在他眼里，这种形态更古老。所以，他还保留了黑格尔爱用的&#8221;儿 童&#8221;</p>
<p>　　一词——和欧洲相比，我们只是早产的小儿！</p>
<p>　　今天，我们都已知道，&#8221;亚细亚生产方式&#8221;是个陈旧过时的概念，既不能概括东方各国的共性，也不能反映东方各国的差异，很多&#8221;特点&#8221;似是而非，很多&#8221;特点&#8221;不能成立。这一概念，经过近百年的研究，&#8221;日凿一窍混沌死&#8221;，已经寿终正寝。</p>
<p>　　专制主义只是东方的特点吗？并不是。东方，很多国家，早就是大地域国家。这不能叫野蛮，只能叫文明。更何况，西方大国有专制，东方小国有民主，双方都是既有民主，也有专制。西方民主、东方专制的历史虚构是不能成立的。</p>
<p>　　我国近代反专制，说我们反对的是&#8221;封建专制主义&#8221;，这是误用西方的概念。</p>
<p>　 　我的朋友，刘北成先生，他是治欧洲思想史的。上世纪九十年代，他就提出，人家欧洲，&#8221;专制&#8221;的反面是&#8221;封建&#8221;，这两个词怎么可以搁一块儿？最近，他再申 此论（见他为佩里·安德森《绝对主义国家的系谱》写的中译者序言），讲得更清楚，欧洲资产阶级革命，它要反的是&#8221;绝对主义&#8221;而不是&#8221;专制主义&#8221;，更不是&#8221; 封建主义&#8221;。过去，我们把absolutism译为&#8221;专制主义&#8221;已经不太合适，理解成&#8221;封建专制主义&#8221;就更加荒唐。</p>
<p>　　研究中国历史，同期比较很危险。我们要知道，中国和欧洲，从起点上就很不同，它们在时间上有很大错位。</p>
<p>　 　第一，中国从很早就是大地域国家，君主制很发达。早期民主制，很难查考，没有，不必找。要找，只能到蛮荒之地。蛮夷列传诸蕃志，汉族以外的地区倒是有。 孟子说，&#8221;民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻&#8221;（《孟子·尽心下》），好像很重视民，但这是&#8221;事后诸葛亮&#8221;，越是大讲&#8221;民贵君轻&#8221;，越是说明民太轻。现代民主制， 不管资本主义代议制，还是社会主义代议制，都是外来。两千多年来，在我们的历史记忆里，中国只有君主制，没有民主制。</p>
<p>　　第二，中国从很 早就是中央集权的大帝国。这种大一统，两千多年不变，每个王朝都是二三百年的连续体，和欧洲对比很强烈。西周时期，我们也有封建，但不同于欧洲封建。朝代 和朝代之间，有异族征服，异族多被汉族同化，接受的是汉族制度，也不一样。中国有专制可反，无封建可反。</p>
<p>　　第三，我国的帝制，从一开 始，皇帝就有绝对权力。他把不同宗教、不同语言的众多民族（ethnicgroups）纳入同一个版图，类似现代的民族国家（nation）。政教分离， 宗教被国家控制，国家大一统，宗教多元化，也类似宗教改革后的欧洲国家。这样的国家，有君权可反，无教权可反。</p>
<p>　　中国的大一统国家，亚 历山大的帝国和罗马帝国没法比，中古时期的帝国也没法比。它更像欧洲历史上的绝对君主制。欧洲绝对主义，高峰是十八世纪。难怪当时，欧洲各国，群拜康、乾 为榜样。这段蜜月期，很让国人自豪，但十九世纪和二十世纪，随着他们崛起，我们衰落，反被他们骂，就连老学生日本都骂（日本的现代化是个例外，它是从封建 制直接进入现代国家，欧美特喜欢）。</p>
<p>　　近代中国是在骂声中长大。别人骂，我们自己也骂。</p>
<p>　　我还记得，&#8221;文革&#8221;后，中 国的志士仁人痛感中国落后，对&#8221;封建专制主义&#8221;曾力加挞伐。他们常犯的一个错误，就是把极权主义等同于绝对主义，把绝对主义等同于历史上的暴君，老是分不 清古代和现在，放着眼前说天边。当时的大家，真是骂昏了头，明明是眼跟前儿的事，什么都赖秦始皇。现在倒好，自从有了盛世感，康、乾又成香饽饽，大家特别 健忘。</p>
<p>　　长期以来，&#8221;专制一锅粥&#8221;，&#8221;民主一锅粥&#8221;，占据了所有人的头脑。特别是，他们对西方的民主神话深信不疑，还以为专制主义是中国特有的传统。</p>
<p>　　这个酒劲儿应该醒醒了。</p>
<p>　　四、我为革命说几句话</p>
<p>　　我们这一代是生活在冷战时期。冷战时期，就是奥威尔讲的&#8221;和解&#8221;。这种&#8221;和解&#8221;，其实是和而不解，就像电影中的场面：两人同时拔出枪，冷枪顶着热脑门，谁也不肯放下。</p>
<p>　　冷战的结局是什么？是同时开枪，同归于尽？还是同时扔掉枪，实现全面和解？是一方扔掉枪，被对方打死或束手就擒？还是拿枪的逼扔枪的重新捡起，继续玩前面的游戏？</p>
<p>　　目前我们看到的，不是前两种，而是后两种。</p>
<p>　　这个时期，现在叫&#8221;后冷战时期&#8221;。冷战时期是和而不解，后冷战时期是解而不和。后冷战是冷战的延续，我们只是看见个头。</p>
<p>　　革命正在被遗忘，就像拳击手死后的动物农场，变成荒诞的故事。今天重读奥威尔，我想为革命说几句话。</p>
<p>　　（一）革命是逼出来的，不是想出来的。</p>
<p>　　阿伦特说，战争是老词，革命是新概念（《论革命》）。&#8221;革命&#8221;曾经是个神圣的字眼儿，不仅是二十世纪，也是十七至十九世纪。</p>
<p>　　回首二十世纪，前后两半，对比很强烈：上一半，世界只发生过两件大事，两次大战逼出两次革命：俄国革命和中国革命，左翼风靡世界；下一半，是冷战改变世界，世界告别革命，右翼卷土重来。</p>
<p>　　有人说，革命不合法。我很奇怪，革命还有什么合法？</p>
<p>　　谭嗣同说，&#8221;各国变法，无不从流血而成……有之，请自嗣同始&#8221;。</p>
<p>　　（二）战争与革命有不解之缘。</p>
<p>　　阿伦特说，&#8221;迄今为止，战争与革命决定了二十世纪的面貌&#8221;（《论革命》）。革命与战争有不解之缘，她说对了。尽管，她关注的是两者都使用暴力，暴力给人类造成太多灾难，让她感受不自由，莫大痛苦（她是德籍犹太人，避祸逃美，思考原点是反犹主义）。</p>
<p>　　战争是资本主义的DNA。西方的军事传统，不但有五百年的一贯逻辑，还保留了古典时代的野蛮（穷兵黩武，奴隶比例最高）。这是他们的祖坟。</p>
<p>　　革命是战争的解毒剂——虽然革命也有毒，它们都沾血带污。</p>
<p>　　抗日战争，国际国内，各种政治势力在中国斗法，缠绕纠结，纷纷纭纭，绝非书生所能解，但抗日战争成就了中国革命，这点毫无问题。</p>
<p>　　（三）要骂革命，先骂战争。</p>
<p>　　近五百年的西方战争史，绝对是一部罪恶史。原罪可以原到最初的殖民战争，基本方式不变，基本逻辑不变，特点就是霸道（参看拙作：《读〈剑桥战争史〉》）。</p>
<p>　 　战后的美国，打仗成瘾，不打仗不能活（民主、共和两党都打，所有总统都打，除了越战结束后的卡特）。一九九○年到现在，这十八年里，美国一口气打过四场 战争：海湾战争、科索沃战争、阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争。不到最后一步，大家想不起越南战争（当年，无论左右，谁都反）。</p>
<p>　　人类的两次世界大战，很多&#8221;文明人&#8221;都投票支持过本国的帝国主义战争，就像希腊公民，以为战争是民主的延伸（战争与民主有不解之缘），正像奥威尔说的，&#8221;战争即和平&#8221;、&#8221;自由即奴役&#8221;。西方人的傲慢和自私，几乎毁掉了这个世界。</p>
<p>　　这四次战争，没有一个干净。反战是唯一的正义。</p>
<p>　　（四）中国革命，前仆后继，反专制是一面大旗。</p>
<p>　 　中国历史，专制主义很发达，梦被西方打破，乃有革命。辛亥革命，推翻清朝，走向共和，是反专制；北伐战争，打倒军阀，统一南北，是反专制；抗战胜利，共 产党用武力赶走国民党，是反专制；现在提倡民主化，也是反专制。一切都顺理成章。虽然，反和被反，经常具有对称性，我们的反专制，老是用一种专制反对另一 种专制，仿佛交叉感染。这是由残酷的环境所决定。</p>
<p>　　（五）专制是革命的对立面，但革命也会造成专制。</p>
<p>　　卢梭的《社会契约论》要特别声明，人民有推翻暴君的权利。欧洲革命后，这样的问题依然存在。因为当时，还有很多复辟活动发生，保守势力也有长期的延续。专制主义，即使在革命成功后，也有很多变种，包括革命的专制主义。</p>
<p>　 　辛亥革命后，中国南北对抗，北方是前清帝制的复辟势力和武夫当国的北洋政府，代表保守势力；南方是国共两党，代表革命势力。由于新旧势力找不到妥协的办 法，所有政治势力，全都诉诸武力和强权，被人称为&#8221;武化革命&#8221;（许倬云）。谁都无法否认，正是因为反专制，不能没有集权，特别是过渡时期。孙中山看得很清 楚，中国革命，不能一步到位。在他看来，起码要分三阶段（军政、训政和宪政），头一段就是专制。马克思讲三阶段，头一段也是专制。</p>
<p>　　革命也会造成专制，有什么奇怪？法国革命革出一个拿破仑，中国革命也革出一个袁世凯，道理一样。陈伯达写过《窃国大盗袁世凯》。袁世凯是历史上的王莽吗？不是。他和蒋介石一样吗？也不一样。当时，很多政客都想推他出来当皇帝。</p>
<p>　　拿破仑是个复杂人物，他是个&#8221;革命皇帝&#8221;——革命革出个皇帝，太讽刺。拿破仑的专制，一般叫&#8221;波拿巴主义&#8221;，这就是革命的专制主义。当时，&#8221;极权主义&#8221;的概念还不存在。</p>
<p>　　革命的专制主义也要反。</p>
<p>　　（六）革命是为了什么？</p>
<p>　　西方革命，有个深入人心的概念，革命是为了自由。阿伦特说，自由才是衡量革命的唯一标准（《论革命》）。她说的革命，太干净，一不能沾暴力，二不能沾专制，这样的革命哪儿找？</p>
<p>　　现在的世界，革命革伤了，革命革怕了。大家都说，英国革命好，美国革命更好，法国革命糟，俄国革命更糟。美国远离欧洲大陆，自然资源，得天独厚，白人畜奴，有人替他们干苦活，独立之后，什么君权教权、阶级矛盾，全都可以绕过去，多好。但这是特例，全世界没有第二家。</p>
<p>　 　阿伦特说，革命不是造反叛乱、以暴易暴，而是秩序的重建：法国革命，无法无天，革命革到不自由，不如美国；美国学英国，光荣革命不流血，先为自由立规矩 （与保守势力妥协），所以没有混乱，没有导致新专制。这是先自由，再解放。她甚至从语源上考证，革命的本义就是复辟（《论革命》）。一句话，革命不如不革 命，不革命才是真革命。</p>
<p>　　有趣的是，中国的革命之父孙中山说，中国革命是因为自由太多。庄士敦（溥仪的英国老师）闻之，大惑不解（《紫禁城下的黄昏》）。他为什么不解？就是因为有上面的定义。</p>
<p>　　孙中山说的自由，是清室逊位后，中国面临的权力真空和无政府状态。在他看来，没有权威，不能结束这种混乱局面。我国的革命，用阿伦特的标准衡量，肯定最糟。但即使这样的革命，也是追求新秩序。</p>
<p>　　（七）中国革命是为了救亡图存。</p>
<p>　　革命，求自由而得专制，是很多人害怕革命、远离革命的原因。但真正的革命和战争类似。没有高度集权（哪怕是由议会授权），就没有战争。没有高度集权，也没有革命。不流血的革命，就像不流血的战争，好是好，就是太少（认真讲，是根本没有）。</p>
<p>　 　权力集中就一定不好吗？答案似乎很肯定。其实，资本主义国家的战时体制，福利国家的计划体制，社会主义国家的镇压敌对势力，不发达国家的民族主义和权威 主义，大部分都与战争和革命有关。它们各自有各自的理由。我们不能脱离当时的环境，把所有的集权都搅成一锅粥，统称为极权主义，特别是等同于法西斯主义。</p>
<p>　 　中国革命，是为了救亡图存（西方统称为&#8221;民族主义&#8221;，他们的逻辑是，义和团是&#8221;民族主义&#8221;，八国联军才是&#8221;国际主义&#8221;）。虽然在欧洲革命的谱系中，这种 革命没有位置，流血太多，代价太大，但统而观之，通而观之，仍然很伟大。这不是国共两党哪一个人的功过问题，而是这个民族的功过问题，整个上一代人的功过 问题（功过往往在一块儿，人不是蛋糕，没法拿刀切）。</p>
<p>　　（八）中国革命，不容诋毁。</p>
<p>　　当年，参加中国革命的人有个共同体会，让他们刻骨铭心：西方列强一向操纵落后国家的政变和内战（今天也如此，特别是美国）。它们支持的都是&#8221;弱国中的强者&#8221;，认定强者才能代表利益和秩序。这是西方列强的游戏规则。强者经常换，但几乎毫无例外，全是各国的保守势力。</p>
<p>　　革命的老师并不支持中国革命。</p>
<p>　　中国革命为什么会&#8221;一边倒&#8221;，道理很简单：北伐，只有苏联支持；抗日，最初也只有苏联支持。一九三七至一九四一年，长达四年，英、美都在看热闹。</p>
<p>　　早在抗战胜利前，美国就已看出国民党的腐败（他们考察过延安，有对比）。战后，机会均等，命运的天平更倾向国民党，但国民党兵败如山倒，自己丢了天下，为什么？</p>
<p>　　一九五○年，自由主义作家林语堂曾抱怨，&#8221;为什么苏俄在亚洲有能干而有效的工具为他们服务，而美国却只有像蒋、李承晚和菲律宾总统这类s.o.b.（狗崽子，sonof bitch的缩写）合作？这是本世纪最大的谜团&#8221;。</p>
<p>　　其实，这不是什么谜团。中国的历史告诉我们，&#8221;自由世界&#8221;的代理人，他们代表的并不是本国的民主，而是强国在海外的利益。从巴蒂斯塔、吴庭艳到本·拉登和萨达姆，向来如此。我们还没有发现过另一种解读。</p>
<p>　　二十一世纪，时光逆转，历史倒读，好像什么都可以翻案，但中国革命的案不能翻。</p>
<p>　　中国革命，不管是谁，不管他们的意识形态如何，所有人的愿望有共同指向，一是摆脱列强瓜分，二是结束四分五裂。先解决挨打，再解决挨饿，其他问题慢慢来。</p>
<p>　　人民英雄纪念碑还巍然耸立在天安门广场。一百年来，所有为中国革命捐躯的烈士（从秋瑾到江姐）永垂不朽！<br />
<h4><a href="http://wuweiyu.com/files1/yulinzhezhi/1/zhuang_zi/18y.htm" class="1_1">鱼之乐</a></h4>
<h4>庄周</h4>
<blockquote><p>庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上。庄子曰：“儵（<font color="#ff0000">读音tiao二声，鲦</font>）鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”</p>
<p>惠子曰：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”</p>
<p>庄子曰：“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”</p>
<p>惠子曰：“我非子，固不知之矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知鱼之乐，全矣。”</p>
<p>庄子曰：“请循其本。子曰‘汝安知鱼之乐’云者，既已知吾知之而问我，我知之濠上也。”</p>
</blockquote>
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